Baghdad, also spelled Bagdad, Arabic Baghdād, formerly Madīnat al-Salām (Arabic: “City of Peace”), city, capital of Iraq and capital of Baghdad governorate, central Iraq. Iraqi Airways, the national airline of Iraq, has its headquarters on the grounds of Baghdad International Airport in Baghdad. Caliph al-Mansur’s new city of Baghdad was built with one enterprising goal in mind: to stand unrivaled, the greatest city of the medieval world. It began on March 20, 2003 and ended on December 18, 2011. Among the notable features of Baghdad during this period were its exceptional libraries. and thereafter; died in 632. The original design shows a single ring of residential and commercial structures along the inside of the city walls, but the final construction added another ring inside the first. This article documents the history of Baghdad. Qushla and its surroundings is where the historical features and cultural capitals of Baghdad are concentrated, from the Mutanabbi Street, Abbasid-era palace and bridges, Ottoman-era mosques to the Mustansariyah Madrasa. A ceremony in Baghdad in December 2011 formally ended the U.S. presence in the country. Today, it is a place where the citizens of Baghdad find leisure such as reading poetry in gazebos. This wall was surrounded by another wall with a thickness of 50 m. The second wall had towers and rounded merlons, which surrounded the towers. Why did Chinese products pour into the Islamic Empire? Baghdad reached the zenith of its economic prosperity and intellectual life in the 8th and early 9th centuries under al-Mahdī (who reigned from 775 to 785) and his successor, Hārūn al-Rashīd (786–809). The largest stadium in Baghdad is Al-Shaab Stadium, which was opened in 1966. The CPA convened a series of meetings in each neighbourhood to explain local government, to describe the caucus election process and to encourage participants to spread the word and bring friends, relatives and neighbours to subsequent meetings. The first step in the establishment of the system of local government for Baghdad Province was the election of the Baghdad Provincial Council. [100] Even at night, temperatures in summer are seldom below 24 °C (75 °F). Recognizing British conquest of the state in World War I (1914–18), the League of Nations granted Great Britain a mandate to govern Iraq, and it did so until 1932. The city of Baghdad soon became so large that it had to be divided into three judicial districts: Madinat al-Mansur (the Round City), al-Sharqiyya (Karkh) and Askar al-Mahdi (on the West Bank).[27]. (1932). Also find a similar words the begin with the same characters, end with the same characters, anagrams, reverse anagrams, word scrambles and words with similar letters. In 813, after the death of caliph Al-Amin, the palace was no longer used as the home for the caliph and his family. Tehran: Balkh (نشر بلخ). Although some of the princes of the previous Umayyad dynasty had begun to gather and translate Greek scientific literature, the Abbasids were the first to foster Greek learning on a large scale. Le Strange, G. (n.d.). [33] There was a large sanitation department, many fountains and public baths, and unlike contemporary European cities at the time, streets were frequently washed free of debris and trash. Merchants built bazaars and houses around the southern gate and formed Al-Karkh district. As within the city, the district councils then elected representatives from among their members to serve on the 35 member Baghdad Regional Council. In 1798 a permanent British diplomatic residency was established there, and the British residents soon acquired a power and prestige second only to that of the governor. [115], The Baghdad Eye, a 198 m (650 ft) tall Ferris wheel, was proposed for Baghdad in August 2008. [24] Mansur believed that Baghdad was the perfect city to be the capital of the Islamic empire under the Abbasids. [citation needed], The Golden Gate Palace, the residence of the caliph and his family, was in the middle of Baghdad, in the central square. Baghdad definition, a city in and the capital of Iraq, in the central part, on the Tigris. Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir returned. Some of the important cultural institutions in the city include the National Theater, which was looted during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, but efforts are underway to restore the theatre. [122] This project not only addresses the urgent need for new residential units in Baghdad but also acts as a real symbol of progress in the war torn city, as Baghdad has not seen projects of this scale for decades.[123]. US State History Science Biology Chemistry Earth Science Physics World History Ancient Africa Ancient China Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Rome Middle Ages Islamic Empire Renaissance Aztec, Maya, Inca French Revolution World War 1 World War 2 Cold War Art History Geography United States Africa Asia Central America Europe Middle East North America Surrounding the palace was an esplanade, a waterside building, in which only the caliph could come riding on horseback. [64] Many quarters were ruined by fire, siege, or looting. The canals and dykes forming the city's irrigation system were also destroyed. Multiple Iraqi parties are in discussions as to whether the arches should remain as historical monuments or be dismantled. Sieges and wars in which Baghdad was involved are listed below: In 1058, Baghdad was captured by the Fatimids under the Turkish general Abu'l-Ḥārith Arslān al-Basasiri, an adherent of the Ismailis along with the 'Uqaylid Quraysh. Abbasid definition, a member of a dynasty of caliphs ruling at Baghdad, a.d. 750–1258, governing most of the Islamic world and claiming descent from Abbas, uncle of Muhammad. Shia death squads would kidnap Muslims (Sunnis) and execute them as part of its milita's believes. "Ottoman administration of Iraq, 1890–1908." [121], Iraq's Tourism Board is also seeking investors to develop a "romantic" island on the River Tigris in Baghdad that was once a popular honeymoon spot for newlywed Iraqis. [citation needed] Notable scholars based in Baghdad during this time include translator Hunayn ibn Ishaq, mathematician al-Khwarizmi, and philosopher Al-Kindi. (2006). [63], On 10 February 1258, Baghdad was captured by the Mongols led by Hulegu, a grandson of Chingiz Khan (Genghis Khan), during the siege of Baghdad. [114] In late 2009, a construction plan was proposed to rebuild the heart of Baghdad, but the plan was never realized because corruption was involved in it. Firdos Square is a public open space in Baghdad and the location of two of the best-known hotels, the Palestine Hotel and the Sheraton Ishtar, which are both also the tallest buildings in Baghdad. Baghdad eclipsed Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sassanians, which was located some 30 km (19 mi) to the southeast. The Sultan of Baghdad, Abu Said Bahadur Khan, was a Tatar king who embraced Islam.[28]. In August 1393, Baghdad was occupied by the Central Asian Turkic conqueror Timur ("Tamerlane"),[68] by marching there in only eight days from Shiraz.
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