Make an appointment with the doctor if there is a persistent rash. It was recommended in the Porsche owner's manual as a preservative for light alloy (alleny) anodized Fuchs wheels to protect them against corrosion from road salts and brake dust. Glycerol is a simple polyol compound. Brush it gently on the fabric to work it into the fibers. He eventually packaged this jelly as Vaseline. A study shows that petroleum jelly is effective in keeping skin moist during post-surgery healing. Stickers can be handy to use as price tags, labels, decorations and many other things. This often leads to yeast ⦠It may be dissolved with paint thinner or other petroleum solvents such as acetone, which dissolves many plastics. Improve your gardening hands: After washing and drying, use some petroleum jelly and a clean pair of gloves to help lock in moisture and accelerate healing. Due to having antimicrobial and antiviral properties it is widely used in FDA approved wound and burn treatments. Always use water-soluble lubricant with latex condoms. Clean their paws with cotton gauze, dry, and apply the jelly. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Petroleum jelly will form a protective barrier that will help protect the skin from constant exposure to moisture. As an occlusive moisturizer, it prevents your skin from drying out. Make sure you clean the skin properly before you apply the jelly to reduce the risk of breakouts. [15][16][17], Historically, it was also consumed for internal use and even promoted as "Vaseline confection". Petroleum jelly is commonly used as a personal lubricant because it does not dry out like water-based lubricants, and has a distinctive "feel", different from that of K-Y and related methylcellulose products. When petroleum jelly comes in contact with latex, it will dissolve the material. It may be dissolved with paint thinner or other petroleum solvents such as acetone, which dissolves most plastics. Ideally this should be done after a walk or when your pet is resting. Loctite® Naval Jelly® Rust Dissolver is the original rust treatment formula that has been used for over 40 years. It also doesnât clog pores and rarely causes skin reactions, even for those of us with sensitive skin. Aquaphor, another petroleum jelly ⦠[34], Chemical substance used as lubricating agent. Some people also swear by using it on crowâs feet lines. Petroleum jelly is a mixture of hydrocarbons that is semisolid at room temperature, and it is also odorless, when properly refined. Its triple-purification seal guarantees each jar of Vaseline Jelly has been purified not once, but three times to remove impurities. There may be small variations in consistency, smoothness, or even fragrance with Vaseline and generic brands. Then wash and dry your hands. Clin Otolaryngol 2004; 29:266â269. It is used as a tack reducer additive to printing inks to reduce paper lint "picking" from uncalendered paper stocks. Always keep an eye out for irritations and adverse reactions when using a new product. [12][13], There is one case report published in 1994 indicating petroleum jelly should not be applied to the inside of the nose due to the risk of lipid pneumonia, but this was only ever reported in one patient. It is a semi-solid, in that it holds its shape indefinitely like a solid, but it can be forced to take the shape of its container without breaking apart, like a liquid, though it does not flow on its own. Use petroleum jelly. Its folkloric medicinal value as a "cure-all" has since been limited by better scientific understanding of appropriate and inappropriate uses. [3] In 1859, workers at the United States of America's first oil rigs encountered a paraffin-like material forming on rigs because it caused them to malfunction, but they used it on cuts and burns, believing that it hastened healing. The publication states, "â¦before applying a new coat of lubricantâ¦" "Only acid-free lubricants may be used, for example: glycerine, Vaseline, tire mounting paste, etc. The glycerol backbone is found in those lipids known as glycerides. This product hasnât changed much since Robert Augustus Chesebrough discovered it in 1859. [29] It is a common ingredient in hairball remedies for domestic cats. What is petroleum jelly, the petroleum jelly is the most effective skin lubrication that can be used to reduce the friction between clothing and skin during the sports activities. Wipe off the excess. Chesebrough took the unrefined black "rod wax", as the drillers called it, back to his laboratory to refine it and explore potential uses. The lighter and thinner oil-based products make up petroleum jelly, also known as white petrolatum or simply as petrolatum. Estrogen (alpha and beta) and androgen receptor-mediated responses in yeast assays. Use a cotton pad or Q-tip (for hard to reach areas), and press gently without tugging too hard on your skin. [26] Petrolatum is also used as a light lubricating grease [27] as well as an anti-seize assembling grease.[28]. For door hinges, apply a bit of jelly right on the hinge and swing the door a few times to spread evenly. Petroleum jelly ⦠This pertains to the processing and handling of the petroleum jelly so it is suitable for medicinal and personal-care applications. It is not advisable to use Vaseline with a latex condom, petroleum jelly dissolves with latex and by which it increases the possibility of breakdown. The brand and type of jelly you purchase may cause different reactions. Chesebrough traveled around New York demonstrating the product to encourage sales by burning his skin with acid or an open flame, then spreading the ointment on his injuries and showing his past injuries healed, he claimed, by his miracle product. According to Reuters, a study of 141 women found that 17 percent used petroleum jelly internally and 40 percent of them tested positive for bacterial vaginosis. ... Latex will deteriorate when coming in contact with oil and petroleum-based products such as shoe polish, saddle soap, Vaseline and other forms of petroleum-based jelly, many hand lotions, oil-based soaps and lubricants. We include products we think are useful for our readers. It can also be used as an effective marker to measure liver disease. White petroleum jelly is a refined, purified extract of heavy waxes and paraffinic oils, and USP white petroleum jelly has passed the safety standards of the FDA for use in food and cosmetics. Petroleum jelly is widely used as a moisturizing agent, and provides as much because it traps moisture under itâs thick layer. Otherwise, bacteria and other pathogens can get trapped inside and delay the healing process. It's commonly used topically to cure everything from dehydrated, flakey skin to diaper rash. Petroleum jelly can be used to fill copper or fibre-optic cables using plastic insulation to prevent the ingress of water, see icky-pick. Soap. Allow the corn starch to set on the stain for a minimum of one hour. Petroleum jelly, commonly known by the most popular brandname Vaseline, is a derivative of oil refining. However, Unilever, the company that makes Vaseline, claims that they only use the highest quality ingredients and a special purification and filtration process. Oil is an effective way to remove makeup, and petroleum jelly is safe to use in the eye area, according to a study on eye ultrasounds. Chesebrough noticed that oil workers would use a gooey jelly to heal their wounds and burns. Petroleum jelly is used to gently clean a variety of surfaces, ranging from makeup removal from faces to tar stain removal from leather. Petroleum jelly is a byproduct of manufacturing petroleum. This may be particularly good for regular, less dramatic skin injuries. Sun and wind exposure as well as pool water can dry up your hair. After developing a new detection method, they found high concentrations of Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons (MOAH) and even polyaromatics in products containing mineral oils. While petroleum jelly has many benefits, it should be for external use only. Read more: Choosing a healthy facial moisturizer ». Men have been the primary participants in clinical trials in the past, especially in the early phases. It is used to condition and protect smooth leather products like bicycle saddles, boots, motorcycle clothing, and used to put a shine on patent leather shoes[24] (when applied in a thin coat and then gently buffed off). This mixture is unable to detonate without the use of a blasting cap. Petroleum jelly is also used for sexual smoothness, and it is not harmful either. All rights reserved. When people talk about petroleum jelly, theyâre usually referring to Vaseline® Healing Jelly â the product originally refined by Chesebrough. Towel-dry thoroughly and apply petroleum jelly and clean cotton socks. The original âWonder Jellyâ is made from 100 percent triple-purified petroleum jelly, while Vaseline® Intensive Care⢠Lotions contain micro-droplets of Vaseline® Jelly and other effective moisturizers that target natural moisture loss throughout the day. As with any other product you use on your skin, monitor initial uses for signs of allergy or rashes. Petroleum jelly has been a staple in the medical and beauty industry for a long time due to its emollient properties, ability to help with skin healing, and also due to its safe record. Repeat this process until all of the glue is removed. For example, it can be applied close to the hairline when using a home hair dye kit to prevent the hair dye from irritating or staining the skin. Dish cloth or paper towel. Vaseline vs Petroleum Jelly. Petroleum jelly is used to moisturize the paws of dogs. Apply petroleum jelly along your hairline to prevent hair dye from staining your skin. âEvery three months (after regular cleaning) the wheels should be coated with petroleum jelly.â[23]. A stripe of petroleum jelly can be used to prevent the spread of a liquid. This will help the ring slip off your finger. Use petroleum jelly for removing hair dye from skin, as well, but be sure to rinse completely. It was originally called âWonder Jellyâ, and Chesebrough decided to rebrand the product as Vaseline® Jelly â a combination of the German word for water (wasser) and the Greek word for oil (oleon). It is recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an approved over-the-counter (OTC) skin protectant and remains widely used in cosmetic skin care (where it is often loosely referred to as mineral oil). Start dissolving the glue by pouring a small amount of baby or cooking oil onto the affected area. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic. Robert Chesebrough is the chemist who devised and patented this process (U.S. Patent 127,568) in 1872. Baby Shampoo. Continuing the Series of taking everyday items and using them in a Survival Situation. It was also recommended by Porsche in maintenance training documentation for lubrication (after cleaning) of "Weatherstrips on Doors, Hood, Tailgate, Sun Roof". Petroleum jelly can be used to coat corrosion-prone items such as metallic trinkets, non-stainless steel blades, and gun barrels prior to storage as it serves as an excellent and inexpensive water repellent. Blot the fabric with a paper towel to remove any residual petroleum jelly. Below are some examples of the uses of petroleum jelly. During World War II, a variety of petroleum jelly called red veterinary petrolatum, or Red Vet Pet for short, was often included in life raft survival kits. Of things ⦠Improvise to Survive! It is colorless (or of a pale yellow color when not highly distilled), translucent, and devoid of taste and smell when pure. Continue blotting until no more petroleum jelly transfers. A contaminated jar can also spread bacteria if you insert jelly vaginally. It removes rust from metal surfaces such as iron, steel and other ferrous metals and will also remove blueing from steel. Petroleum jelly creates a protective barrier on ⦠Once the glue is saturated, take a clean rag or paper towel and swipe at the portion of dried glue. Vaseline is widely known as a brand name of petroleum jelly and that is actually a fact. The petroleum jelly softens the overall blend, allows the candle to incorporate additional fragrance oil, and facilitates adhesion to the sidewall of the glass. Basically, the crude material undergoes vacuum distillation. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. [1][8] It acts as a plasticizer on polypropylene (PP),[9] but is compatible with most other plastics. However, stickers are not much fun to remove, especially if part of the label and sticker glue residue are left behind. Petroleum jelly is slightly soluble in alcohol. Vaseline and petroleum jelly are often mistaken for being the same thing but what people do not know is that Vaseline and petroleum jelly still have distinct differences that many people are not aware of. Many general stores carry this product, and it can also be found at medical supply houses and drugstores. What is petroleum jelly, the petroleum jelly is the most effective skin lubrication that can be used to reduce the friction between clothing and skin during the sports activities. Infections: Not allowing the skin to dry or cleaning the skin properly before applying petroleum jelly can cause fungal or bacterial infections. Petroleum jelly can be used to lubricate zippers and slide rules. [4][5], Robert Chesebrough, a young chemist whose previous work of distilling fuel from the oil of sperm whales had been rendered obsolete by petroleum, went to Titusville, Pennsylvania, US, to see what new materials had commercial potential. Read on to learn what else you can use petroleum jelly for. The melting point is typically between 40 and 70 °C (105 and 160 °F). Drip 2-4 drops of oil onto dried superglue to dissolve it. However, petroleum is hydrophobic, and fresh exposure to air or clean water is virtually impossible. Do not eat or insert petroleum jelly. Petroleum jelly is very sticky and hard to remove from non-biological surfaces with the usual and customary cleaning agents typically found in the home. Most uses of petroleum jelly exploit its lubricating and coating properties, including use on dry lips and dry skin. [33] Based on the results, Stiftung Warentest warns not to use Vaseline or any product that is based on mineral oils for lip care. Apply petroleum jelly liberally to the affected area and gently rub the glued skin with your fingers, a cotton ball, or a soft-bristled brush until the glue comes off. This helps your skin heal and retain moisture. What Dissolves Glue on Your Eyelashes? Top 10 Survival Uses of Petroleum Jelly. Native Americans discovered the use of petroleum jelly for protecting and healing skin. A later study published in 2017 found at most 1% MOAH in petroleum jelly, and less than 1% in petroleum jelly-based beauty products. When it comes to removing dirt, gunk and gooey residue, a simple application of soap and water has long... Petroleum Jelly. Face and body lotion: Apply petroleum jelly after a shower. Vaseline is the original, name brand for petroleum jelly. Wash your hands and the area which has glue on it in hot, soapy water. It is used as an environmentally friendly underwater antifouling coating for motor boats and sailing yachts. Petroleum jelly can help your manicures look more professional. It does not oxidize on exposure to the air and is not readily acted on by chemical reagents. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. You can also use it for dry noses during cold or allergy season. If petroleum jelly is made of waxes and oils, what is Vaseline® Jelly made of? It's also widely used for treating dry scalp and dandruff.[20]. This also works if you like to paint your nails at home. [22] However, it is not recommended for use with condoms during sexual activity because it swells latex and thus increases the chance of rupture. Make a solution consisting of one tablespoon detergent (Dawn is a good choice) to one cup lukewarm water and spray on the area. You may also want to opt for products that are plant-derived instead of the oil-based petroleum jelly, if you are concerned about the impact on the environment. Have students discuss the results of this experiment and explain the solubility of the petroleum jelly (Vaseline) in both liquids in light of the chemical composition and structure of oil, water and petroleum jelly (Vaseline). P. 61 Porsche Ownerâs Manual 911 Turbo 911 Carrera WKD91102187, P.16 928S Maintenance and General Repairs - Service Training Center WKS006021, Vaseline (Petroleum Jelly) Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), "Polypropylene Chemical Compatibility Chart", "Proper wound care: How to minimize a scar", "From Ingot to Target: A Cast Bullet Guide for Handgunners", http://www.armitelabs.com/products/VV-P-236_Lubricating_Grease.html, "Paw and Pad Care | Okaw Veterinary Clinic", "Mineralöle in Kosmetika - Kritische Stoffe in Cremes, Lippenpflegeprodukten und Vaseline - Stiftung Warentest", "Evaluation of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in pure mineral hydrocarbon-based cosmetics and cosmetic raw materials using 1H NMR spectroscopy", Typical specifications of petroleum jelly when blended with vegetable based oils. Vaseline keeps your skin from losing moisture, so certain blended petroleum jelly products may be more effective at actually moisturizing. Petroleum jellyâs benefits come from its main ingredient petroleum, which helps seal your skin with a water-protective barrier. Apply petroleum jelly generously on the affected area. Petroleum jelly can be used to reduce the friction between skin and clothing during various sport activities, for example to prevent chafing of the seat region of cyclists or the nipples of long distance runners wearing loose T-shirts, and is commonly used in the groin area of wrestlers and footballers. Petroleum jelly does not contain latex. The absolute best stuff would be carbon tetrachloride (but you probably can't get that) Gasoline would work, but it is dangerous to use. The History of Vaseline Petroleum Jelly began in the Pennsylvania Oil Fields!, Drake Well Museum pamphlet, copyright 1996 by Holigan Group Ltd, Dallas, Texas. The problem is that not all manufacturers choose to use refined petrolatum or use low-grade refinement processing, and there is the potential for PAHs to still be present. Petroleum jelly can reduce the look of split ends and add shine to your hair. [6][7] It is flammable only when heated to liquid; then the fumes will light, not the liquid itself, so a wick material like leaves, bark, or small twigs is needed to ignite petroleum jelly. Hereâs our process. Chapped lips: Apply to chapped lips as you would any chapstick. Salt will dissolve in hot or cold water, even without stirring because it is ionic and the ions are attracted to the polar water molecules. It may also be marketed as petrolatum or soft paraffin. Vaseline brand First Aid Petroleum Jelly, or carbolated petroleum jelly containing phenol to give the jelly additional antibacterial effect, has been discontinued. [2] Sophisticated oil pits had been built as early as 1415â1450 in Western Pennsylvania. See how a swab of a petroleum jelly ⦠Wait at least 3 minutes for the oil to soak into the hardened substance. The oil in petroleum jelly effectively dissolves the chemicals used in eyeliners, massacres, and eye shadows, including those in waterproof versions, and is safe enough to use around the sensitive and delicate eye area. It is used in the leather industry as a waterproofing cream. Using petroleum jelly as a base for your perfume can help it last longer. The final step is to apply corn starch to the remaining jelly in the fabric. However, there does not appear to be a difference in safety between products. If a ring is stuck on your finger, put some jelly on your finger, making sure you get some around and under the ring. Avoid using petroleum jelly for masturbation or as a vaginal lubricant. When used in a 50/50 mixture with pure beeswax, it makes an effective moustache wax.[21]. Petroleum jelly is a mixture of hydrocarbons, with a melting point that depends on the exact proportions. Although their differences may be not that noticeable, they do still exist. But, this Vaseline benefits includes immensely healing properties which make it a staple medicine chest product in almost everyoneâs home. Petroleum jelly, also called Petrolatum, translucent, yellowish to amber or white, unctuous substance having almost no odour or taste, derived from petroleum and used principally in medicine and pharmacy as a protective dressing and as a substitute for fats in ointments and cosmetics. These include: Whatâs the difference between petroleum jelly and Vaseline? Click to see full answer After petroleum jelly became a medicine chest staple, consumers began to use it for cosmetic purposes and for many ailments including toenail fungus, genital rashes (non-STD), nosebleeds, diaper rash, and common colds. Depending on the specific application of petroleum jelly, it may be USP, B.P., or Ph. Petroleum jelly can be used to coat the inner walls of terrariums to prevent animals crawling out and escaping. Originally found coating the bottom of oil rigs in the mid-1800s, it's a byproduct of the oil industry and therefore an unsustainable resource (read: not eco-friendly). Dissolving Wet Latex Paint Specific in vitro toxicity of crude and refined petroleum products: II. The petroleum jelly is one of the product formed during the extraction of petrol that we use to run our automobiles. Here's why. It can prevent chilling of the face due to evaporation of skin moisture during cold weather outdoor sports. Below are some examples of the uses of petroleum jelly. Petroleum jelly is a useful material when incorporated into candle wax formulas. Eur. To avoid damage to plastics as well as minimize ventilation issues, isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol can be used to remove petroleum jelly from most surfaces. My BIPOC Experience Finding Care for Chronic Kidney Disease, We Donât Have Enough Women in Clinical Trials â Why Thatâs a Problem, Why the â6 Feet Apartâ Recommendation May Not Be Enough for COVID-19. It is soluble in dichloromethane, chloroform, benzene, diethyl ether, carbon disulfide and turpentine. Dab some along the base of your nails and the sides. A barrier of petroleum jelly is easy to wipe away when youâre done. [18][19], Most petroleum jelly today is used as an ingredient in skin lotions and cosmetics, providing various types of skin care and protection by minimizing friction or reducing moisture loss, or by functioning as a grooming aid, e. g. pomade. It is also used to prevent diaper rash. Six feet might not be enough to protect you from COVID-19. It should be simply 100 percent petroleum jelly. By reducing moisture loss, petroleum jelly can prevent chapped hands and lips, and soften nail cuticles. An example of this is Cheddite C which consists of a ratio of 9:1, KClO3 to petroleum jelly. Petroleum jelly (also called petrolatum) is a mixture of mineral oils and waxes, which form a semisolid jelly-like substance. Loughran S, Spinou E, Clement WA, et al. It is also widely used as a sweetener in the food ⦠Clean and towel-dry your little oneâs skin properly before applying. Aspiration risks: Check with your doctor before using petroleum jelly around the nose area, especially in children. Rub the affected area with a nail file for about a minute. [14] However, petroleum jelly is used extensively by otolaryngologists—ear, nose, and throat surgeons—for nasal moisture and epistaxis treatment, and to combat nasal crusting. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_jelly&oldid=1006731299, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 14 February 2021, at 13:50. Petroleum jelly has been shown to reduce the incidence of diaper rash in babies. A prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled trial of petroleum jelly/Vaseline for recurrent paediatric epistaxis. Rub a small amount of jelly between your palms and apply to hair ends. In the first part of the twentieth century, petroleum jelly, either pure or as an ingredient, was also popular as a hair pomade. It can be an effective solution on how do you get crazy glue off your fingers. It is also used as a stabiliser in the manufacture of the propellant Cordite. Petroleum jelly is the mixture of non-polar hydrocarbons which is a famous agent for healing the skin and has a healthy effect on the human skin. Be sure to choose triple-distilled, purified product (the well-known old timer Vaseline is one of them) in order to avoid putting any toxic contaminants on your skin, some of which are potentially carcinogenic. Remove eye makeup. © 2005-2021 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Make sure to close your eyes as you wipe. It is used in a variety of industries, although many people associate it with the popular Vaseline® brand personal care product. Repeat. Or, rub until you notice the glue coming off. It can be used as a release agent for plaster molds and castings. Acting as a sunscreen, it provides protection against ultraviolet rays. Vaseline protects dry skin, minor cuts, cracked skin, scraps, and burns. Clogged pores: Some people may break out when using petroleum jelly. These lubricants should be rubbed in, and excessive lubricant wiped off with a soft cloth. Most uses of petroleum jelly exploit its lubricating and coating properties, including use on dry lips and dry skin. Vaseline Petroleum Jelly Original is triple-purified and hypoallergenic, and is the ideal product for a multitude of uses, including sensitive skin and protecting minor cuts. Petroleum jelly, petrolatum, white petrolatum, soft paraffin, or multi-hydrocarbon, CAS number 8009-03-8, is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons (with carbon numbers mainly higher than 25),[1] originally promoted as a topical ointment for its healing properties. Petroleum jelly is mixed with a high proportion of strong inorganic chlorates due to it acting as a plasticizer and a fuel source. Allergies: Some people are more sensitive and can develop allergies if they use petroleum-derived products. Add 5 g. of petroleum jelly (Vaseline) to both beakers, stir and heat both on a hot plate to no more than 80 °C. It is also used in many types of polishes and in lubricating greases, rust preventives, and modeling clay. Make sure that the surface you apply petroleum jelly on is properly cleaned and disinfected. Water. Steam. Chesebrough patented the process of making petroleum jelly by U.S. Patent 127,568 in 1872. Vaseline products contained the most MOAH of all tested cosmetics (up to 9%). He discovered that by distilling the lighter, thinner oil products from the rod wax, he could create a light-colored gel. Inhaling mineral oils may cause. In 2015, German consumer watchdog Stiftung Warentest analyzed cosmetics containing mineral oils. The heat and humidity from a bowl of steaming water can weaken adhesive bonds and loosen sticky residue. Cracked heels: Soak your feet in warm water with some salt added to it. What Dissolves Latex? Your dogâs pad skin can crack and produce a great deal of discomfort. [33] The European Food Safety Authority sees MOAH and polyaromatics as possibly carcinogenic. Loctite® Naval Jelly® Rust Dissolver Features and Benefits. This property is exploited to provide heat insulation: petroleum jelly can be used to keep swimmers warm in water when training or during channel crossings or long ocean swims. It can be used to finish and protect wood, much like a mineral oil finish. grade. It is insoluble in water. [11] A verified medicinal use is to protect and prevent moisture loss of the skin of a patient in the initial post-operative period following laser skin resurfacing. Large studies have found petroleum jelly applied to the nose for short durations to have no significant side effects. Oil is an effective way to remove makeup, and petroleum jelly is safe to use in the eye area, according to a study on eye ultrasounds. He opened his first factory in 1870 in Brooklyn using the name Vaseline.[4]. Super Glue Corp also lists petroleum jelly as a home remedy to break super glue bonds. Petroleum Jelly. Keep reading: Harmful toxins in cosmetics », Last medically reviewed on March 17, 2017. The process involved vacuum distillation of the crude material followed by filtration of the still residue through bone char. [30][31], Petroleum jelly is slightly soluble in alcohol.[32]. Petroleum jelly is used to moisten nondrying modelling clay such as plasticine, as part of a mix of hydrocarbons including those with greater (paraffin wax) and lesser (mineral oil) molecular weights. Theoretically, there is no difference between the name brand and generic brands.
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