[23], Reforms became possible again in the late 1780s. The last king of Poland. Starostwo territories, and Crown lands would be awarded by auction. That’s the good news. At the same time, several other reforms were passed. [68][69], Poniatowski's plans had been ruined by the Kościuszko Uprising. Its effect was to make Stanisław even more dependent on Russian support. [102][68] A bust of Poniatowski was unveiled in Łazienki Palace in 1992. [33][34][35] Eventually Poniatowski and the Sejm acceded to the "partition treaty". Stanisław Żeromski. [100] He appears in a Russian TV series. [25][29] In 1770, the Council of the Bar Confederation proclaimed him dethroned. The concept Stanisław, II August, King of Poland, 1732-1798 represents the subject, aboutness, idea or notion of resources found in Bowdoin College Library. [68][69] During the Kościuszko Uprising, there were rumours that Polish Jacobins had been planning a coup d'état and Poniatowski's assassination. [30], Although Poniatowski protested against the First Partition of the Commonwealth (1772), he was powerless to do anything about it. With her connivance, he was elected King of Poland by the Polish Diet in September 1764[2][3][4] following the death of Augustus III. While at the Russian court, he apparently did little for the family’s interests but succeeded in becoming the lover of the future empress, Catherine II. To their surprise, there ensued the Second Partition of Poland. [34][38] The new legislation was guaranteed by the Russian Empire, giving it licence to interfere in Commonwealth politics when legislation it favoured was threatened. [52] In the end, the numerical superiority of the Russians was too great, and defeat looked inevitable. Jednym z największych jego osiągnięć było zwołanie Sejmu Czteroletniego i uchwalenie 3 maja 1791 roku. [84][85] His retinue of sculptors, headed by André Lebrun, included Giacomo Monaldi, Franz Pinck, and Tommaso Righi. [10] He returned to the Netherlands, where he met many key members of that country's political and economic sphere. [71] He had hoped to be allowed to travel abroad, but was unable to secure permission to do so. [81] Writers and poets who received his patronage included, Stanisław Trembecki, Franciszek Salezy Jezierski, Franciszek Bohomolec and Franciszek Zabłocki. Petersburg. The bad news is that now the town is known as Ivano-Frankivsk (or Iwano-Frankowsk in Polish). Tłumaczenie: Anne-Marie Fabianowska, Maria Aldridge. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stanislaw-II-August-Poniatowski Naśladując przykład świętych – Stanisława i Jana Pawła II, postępujmy drogą świętości, dając odważne świadectwo wiary i przynależności do Kościoła” – zaapelował do wiernych metropolita krakowski. Most of his income came from Crown Estates and monopolies. [11][12], Poniatowski owed his rise and influence to his family connections with the powerful Czartoryski family and their political faction, known as the Familia, with whom he had grown close. Most of the paintings that he had ordered for it can now be seen in London's Dulwich Picture Gallery. Many reform leaders, believing their cause lost, went into self-exile, although they hoped that Poniatowski would be able to negotiate an acceptable compromise with the Russians, as he had done in the past. [68] He is discussed in Luise Mühlbach's novel Joseph II and His Court,[97] and appears in Jane Porter's 1803 novel, Thaddeus of Warsaw. [78][90], He also supported the development of industry and manufacturing, areas in which the Commonwealth lagged behind most of Western Europe. [75][94] His decision to rely on Russia has been often criticized. [64] In July 1792, when Warsaw was threatened with siege by the Russians, the king came to believe that surrender was the only alternative to total defeat. [16] He continued his involvement with the Familia, and supported a pro-Russian and anti-Prussian stance in Polish politics. Poniatowski's supporters and opponents engaged in some military posturing and even minor clashes. Augustus II ultimately became King of Poland, and Stanisław … Born into wealthy Polish aristocracy, Poniatowski arrived as a diplomat at the Russian imperial court in Saint Petersburg in 1755 and became romantically involved with the future empress Catherine the Great. Not all sources agree she was Poniatowski's child. It was mainly the small nobility who favoured his election. His two older and married sisters were Ludwika Zamoyska (1728–1804) and Izabella Branicka (1730–1808). An attempt at rejuvenation under Stanisław II August (Stanisław Poniatowski), who ruled from 1764 to 1795, led to direct foreign intervention. He and the reformers had lost much of their influence, both within the country and with Catherine. On his return journey he stopped in Dresden. Poniatowski tried to govern the country in the brief period after the fall of the Uprising, but on 2 December 1794, Catherine demanded he leave Warsaw, a request to which he acceded on 7 January 1795, leaving the capital under Russian military escort and settling briefly in Grodno. [15] The two became lovers. 12 lutego 1798 w Petersburgu) – król Polski w latach 1764–1795, ostatni władca Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. The Zamoyski Code was rejected by the Sejm of 1780, and opposition attacks on the King dominated the Sejms of 1782 and 1786. [51] The pro-Prussian shift was not supported by Poniatowski, who nevertheless acceded to the decision of the majority of Sejm deputies. Bibliofilskie wydanie tekstu Marca Fumarolego, francuskiego historyka i eseisty, pt. "Poniatowski". W. Kalinka, [w:] Ostatnie lata panowania Stanisława Augusta, cz. However, according to Wirydianna Fiszerowa, a contemporary who knew them both, this rumour only spread after the death of Poniatowski, was generally disbelieved, and moreover, was circulated by Elżbieta herself, so the marriage is considered by most to be unlikely. Zgromadzona tam szlachta, w obecności wojsk rosyjskich, wybrała na nowego władcę Polski Stanisława Poniatowskiego. Playlista: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apMIgj0pi-U&list=PLBJEVn1h83HxvCVusUnwJqCoHIZed96Rt Interesuje cię historia alternatywna? The later part of his reign saw reforms wrought by the Diet (1788–1792) and the Constitution of 3 May 1791. About Stanisław II August Poniatowski, King of Poland. Rok wydania: 2015. The comprehensive microfilm edition of his papers, 1730-1816. He had several notable lovers, including Elżbieta Branicka, who acted as his political adviser and financier,[107] and had children with two of them. His two-volume Mémoires was published by S.M. Stanisław I Leszczyński, also Anglicized and Latinized as Stanislaus I, was King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Duke of Lorraine and a count of the Holy Roman Empire. Urząd Gminy Stanisławów ul. [23] Poniatowski scored a political victory during the Sejm of 1776, which further strengthened the council. Rynek 32 05-304 Stanisławów NIP: 822 10 62 601 REGON: 000551711. [78][81] He also sponsored historical studies, including the collection, cataloging and copying of historical manuscripts. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [75] In 1990, due to the poor state of the Wołczyn church (then in the Byelorussian SSR), his body was once more exhumed and was brought to Poland, to St. John's Cathedral in Warsaw, where on 3 May 1791 he had celebrated the adoption of the Constitution that he had coauthored. Ojca Stanisława Papczyńskiego 6 (5,207.84 mi) Góra Kalwaria, Poland, 05-530 [17][20] This uneasy alliance between Poniatowski and the Familia continued for most of the first decade of his rule. Stanisław Michalkiewicz w rozmowie z Pawłem Chmielewskim. [11] He eventually left the Russian capital on 14 August 1758. ),[a] Konstancja Grabowska[a] and Izabela Grabowska (1776–1858). He died in semicaptivity at St. Petersburg. [75], Stanisław August Poniatowski has been called the Polish Enlightenment's most important patron of the arts. [22] In his memoirs, Poniatowski called this period the "years of hope. [94][95] He was accused by others of weakness and subservience, even of treason, especially in the years following the Second Partition. [22] The growing rift between Poniatowski and the Familia was exploited by the Russians, who used the issue as a pretext to intervene in the Commonwealth's internal politics and to destabilize the country. [11][13] Through the combined influence of Catherine, of Russian empress Elizabeth and of chancellor Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Poniatowski was able to rejoin the Russian court now as ambassador of Saxony the following January. [63], Despite Polish requests, Prussia refused to honour its alliance obligations. [21], "Stanisław August", as he now styled himself combining the names of his two immediate royal predecessors, began his rule with only mixed support within the nation. [45] The passing of the Constitution of 3 May, although officially applauded by Frederick William II of Prussia, who sent a congratulatory note to Warsaw, caused further worry in Prussia. [10] He returned to the Commonwealth later that year, however he eschewed the Sejm, as his parents wanted to keep him out of the political furore surrounding the Ostrogski family's land inheritance (see: fee tail – Ordynacja Ostrogska). [98][99], On screen he has been played by Wieńczysław Gliński in the 1976 3 Maja directed by Grzegorz Królikiewicz. [75] He was considered a great orator and a skilled conversationalist. [61] With the new deputies bribed or intimidated by the Russian troops, the Grodno Sejm took place. [75] This was done in secret and caused controversy in Poland when the matter became known. On 15 February 1797, Poniatowski left for Saint Petersburg. He was born the sixth child of Stanisław Poniatowski, a Polish noble, and his wife, Princess Konstancja Czartoryska. Mazzei, Filippo, 1730-1816. This page was last edited on 26 February 2021, at 04:56. [86][87] Poniatowski also planned to found an Academy of Fine Arts, but this finally came about only after his abdication and departure from Warsaw. After a careful education he traveled in western Europe as a young man. [53][54] Prussian statesman Ewald von Hertzberg expressed the fears of European conservatives: "The Poles have given the coup de grâce to the Prussian monarchy by voting in a constitution", elaborating that a strong Commonwealth would likely demand the return of the lands Prussia acquired in the First Partition;[55] a similar sentiment was later expressed by Prussian Foreign Minister, Count Friedrich Wilhelm von der Schulenburg-Kehnert. She had supported his ascent to the throne to ensure the Commonwealth remained a virtual puppet state under Russian control, so his attempts to reform the Commonwealth's ailing government structures were a threat to the status quo. After coming to the throne Stanisław sought to bolster his royal power, improve the administration of government, and strengthen the parliamentary system. After the Russians had crushed the uprising, Stanisław abdicated on Nov. 25, 1795, as Poland was being partitioned again by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, the three countries this time annexing its entire territory. A new civil and criminal code (provisionally called the "Stanisław Augustus Code") was among the proposals. [78][88] Among the endeavours in which he invested were the manufacture of cannons and firearms and the mining industry. [68] Voltaire, who saw Poniatowski as a model reformist, based his character, King Teucer in the play Les Lois de Minos (1772) on Poniatowski. [25][26][27], Although it had abandoned the cause of Poniatowski's reforms, the Familia did not receive the support it expected from the Russians who continued to press for the conservatives' rights. [11], Poniatowski attended the Sejms of 1758, 1760 and 1762. He also supported numerous public initiatives, and attempted to use the royal treasury to cover the state's expenses when tax revenues were insufficient. [18][19][20] He swore the pacta conventa on 13 November,[17] and a formal coronation took place in Warsaw on 25 November. 12 II 1798 w Petersburgu) – król Polski w latach 1764–1795, syn Stanisława Poniatowskiego, kasztelana krakowskiego, i Konstancji, córki Kazimierza Czartoryskiego, kasztelana wileńskiego. Stanisław August Poniatowski: Date of birth: 17 January 1732 Vowchyn (Grand Duchy of Lithuania) Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski: Date of death: 12 February 1798 Saint Petersburg: Manner of … 22 (11th ed.). He had few friends in his teenage years and instead developed a fondness for books which continued throughout his life. [73], Catherine died on 17 November 1796, succeeded by her son, Paul I of Russia. married Walenty Sobolewski; had three daughters. Not all sources agree he was Poniatowski's child. He was temporarily kidnapped as a toddler, on the orders of Józef Potocki, Voyevoda of Kiev, as a reprisal for his father's support for King August and held for some months in Kamieniec-Podolski. [6] In 1750, he travelled to Berlin where he met a British diplomat, Charles Hanbury Williams, who became his mentor and friend. 2, Poznań 1868, „Pamiętniki z XVIII W.” nr 10/2 To zupełnie inny repertuar od tego, który do tej pory prezentował uczeń radomszczańskiego "elektryka". [34][36][37] The Sejm also created two notable institutions: the Permanent Council, a government body in continuous operation, and the Commission of National Education. [68][91] In Polish historiography and in popular works, he has been criticized or marginalized by authors such as, Szymon Askenazy, Joachim Lelewel, Jerzy Łojek whom Andrzej Zahorski describes as Poniatowski's most vocal critic among modern historians, Tadeusz Korzon, Karol Zyszewski and Krystyna Zienkowska; whereas more neutral or positive views have been expressed by Paweł Jasienica, Walerian Kalinka, Władysław Konopczyński, Stanisław Mackiewicz, Emanuel Rostworowski and Stanisław Wasylewski. [16] His father died in 1762, leaving him a modest inheritance. [71] A virtual prisoner in St. Petersburg's Marble Palace,[74] he subsisted on a pension granted to him by Catherine. They are listed as such by several sources, including Jerzy Michalski's article on Stanisław August Poniatowski in the Polish Biographical Dictionary. [109], a ^ Sources vary as to whether Konstancja Grabowska and Kazimierz Grabowski were Poniatowski's children. [23][35] The royal faction was made up primarily of people indebted to the King, who planned to build their careers on service to him. In the context of the wars being waged against the Ottoman Empire by both the Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire, Poniatowski tried to draw Poland into the Austro-Russian alliance, seeing a war with the Ottomans as an opportunity to strengthen the Commonwealth. 17 stycznia 1732 w Wołczynie, zm. Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak, Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak, Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego (Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987, p.317. [10] By late August he had arrived in Paris, where he moved among the elites. Ostatni król Polski. And it’s no longer in Austria. married Wincenty Dernałowicz. [34] Royal prerogative was restricted, so that the King lost the power to confer titular roles, and military promotions, to appoint ministers and senators. [11][13] It was the Familia who sent him in 1755 to Saint Petersburg in the service of Williams, who had been nominated British ambassador to Russia. Korespondencja z P. Kicińskim z roku 1787, z Katarzyną II z lat 1792–1795, z F. Bukatym z lat 1789–1793, J. Bułhakowem z roku 1792, Iwanem Aschem z roku 1794, N. W. Repninem z roku 1797, A. Bezborodką z roku 1797; ogł. In the years following this partition, Stanisław saw his own personal power cut away and limited by the manipulations of the partitioning powers. Book digitized by Google from the library of Harvard University and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb. Seria: naukowa. Stanisław Józef Zygmunt Żeromski urodził się 17 lipca 1920 r. w miejscowości Ossowce w powiecie buczackim, w województwie tarnopolskim (rodzice Stefan - właściciel kuźni - i Michalina z domu Adam). Omissions? [84][85] According to a 1795 inventory, Stanisław August's art collection, spread among numerous buildings, contained 2,889 pieces, including works by Rembrandt, Rubens, and van Dyck. [10] The following year he received the title of Stolnik of Lithuania. [25] Abandoned by the Familia, Poniatowski's reforms failed to pass at the Repnin Sejm, named after Russian ambassador Nicholas Repnin, who promised to guarantee with all the might of the Russian Empire the Golden Liberties of the Polish nobility, enshrined in the Cardinal Laws. [47], George Sanford notes that the Constitution gave Poland "a constitutional monarchy close to the English model of the time. [80][89] In 1765 he helped found the Monitor, one of the first Polish newspapers and the leading periodical of the Polish Enlightenment. To jego wojenne doświadczenia złożyły się na literacką postać, która dała nazwę całemu pokole 23 lutego 1766 w Lunéville) – król Polski w latach 1704–1709 i 1733–1736, książę Lotaryngii i Baru w latach 1738–1766, wolnomularz, starosta nowodworski w 1701 i 1703 roku . [81] He encouraged publications of biographies of famous Polish historical figures, and sponsored paintings and sculptures of them. [16] Nevertheless, Poniatowski hoped that Catherine would consider his offer of marriage, an idea seen as plausible by some international observers. [75], Andrzej Zahorski dedicated a book to a discussion of Poniatowski, The Dispute over Stanisław August (Spór o Stanisława Augusta, Warsaw, 1988). [56][57][58] One of Russia's chief foreign policy authors, Alexander Bezborodko, upon learning of the Constitution, commented that "the worst possible news have arrived from Warsaw: the Polish king has become almost sovereign. English: Royal Banner of Stanisław II of Poland. On the other hand, he is remembered as a great patron of the arts and sciences who laid the foundation for the Commission of National Education, the first institution of its kind in the world, and sponsored many architectural landmarks. Petersburg. [40][41] Catherine gave permission for the next Sejm to be called, as she considered some form of limited military alliance with Poland against the Ottomans might be useful. [61] Poniatowski and the reformers could field only a 37,000-man army, many of them untested recruits. Stanisław – podobnie jak każdy syn szanującej się, arystokratycznej rodziny – wiele podróżował po Europie. These reforms were opposed by some Polish nobles and by Catherine, who threatened to have him deposed. [22] On 7 May 1765, Poniatowski established the Order of the Knights of Saint Stanislaus, in honour of Saint Stanislaus of Krakow, Bishop and Martyr, Poland's and his own patron saint, as the country's second order of chivalry, to reward Poles and others for noteworthy service to the King. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [68] He notes that the discourse concerning Poniatowski is significantly coloured by the fact that he was the last King of Poland – the King who failed to save the country. [75] Paul I sponsored a royal state funeral, and on 3 March he was buried at the Catholic Church of St. Catherine in St. Stanisław Ślęzak w The Voice of Poland: Moje życie zmienia się o 180 stopni [ROZMOWA] 16 listopada, podczas drugiego odcinka "na żywo", Stanisław Ślęzak zaśpiewał piosenkę "Miliony monet" Mroza. Volumina Legum, t. X, Poznań 1952, p. 326. Stanisław Bogusław Leszczyński herbu Wieniawa (ur. Reportedly, his sister, Ludwika Maria Zamoyska and her daughter also his favourite niece, Urszula Zamoyska, who had been threatened with confiscation of their property, had contributed to persuading him to sign the abdication: they feared that his refusal would lead to a Russian confiscation of their properties and their ruin. [92][68], When elected to the throne, he was seen by many as simply an "instrument for displacing the somnolent Saxons from the throne of Poland", yet as the British historian, Norman Davies notes, "he turned out to be an ardent patriot, and a convinced reformer. Poland and its last king, Stanisław II August Poniatowski. Fighting back, he succeeded in strengthening his position and achieved a full reform of Polish education. As a result of three partitions (1772, 1793, and 1795), the Commonwealth was erased from the political map of Europe. [7][8] The Poniatowski family had achieved high status among the Polish nobility (szlachta) of the time. The National Library of Poland acts as the central library of the country and is one of the most important cultural institutions in Poland. [65] Neither were the Targowica Confederates victorious. [11][15] Whatever his feelings for Catherine, it is likely Poniatowski also saw an opportunity to use the relationship for his own benefit, using her influence to bolster his career. [70][71][72] Stanisław was then forced to participate in the Russian-controlled Sejm at Grodno in 1793, which agreed to the second partitioning of Poland, this time between Russia and Prussia. [20][22], Matters came to a head in 1766. General State Laws for the Prussian States, dismemberment of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1743–1808), Historical modifications of the Order of Saint Stanislaus, "22 czerwca 1792 roku – ustanowienie Orderu Wojennego Virtuti Militari", "Dulwich Picture Gallery and Mausoleum (1385543)", https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/6566/pg6566.html, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbRQhvkups8, "Stanisław August Antoni "II" Poniatowski h. Ciołek (M.J. Minakowski, Genealogia potomków Sejmu Wielkiego)", "Elżbieta Szydłowska z Wielkiego Szydłowa h. Lubicz (M.J. Minakowski, Genealogia potomków Sejmu Wielkiego)", Poniatowski, in: The Historical Geography of the Ciołek clan AD 950–1950, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanisław_August_Poniatowski&oldid=1009001443, Members of the Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Diplomats of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Military personnel of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, People of the Russian Empire of Polish descent, Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, Honorary Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Burials at St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with Polish-language sources (pl), Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Stanisława, będzie świadectwem naszej dojrzałej wiary i wdzięczności wobec Boga, który jest bogaty w Miłosierdzie. [75] In 1938, when the Soviet Union planned to demolish the Church, his remains were transferred to the Second Polish Republic and interred in a church at Wołczyn, his birthplace. [67] Faced with his powerlessness, Poniatowski once again considered abdication; in the meantime he tried to salvage whatever reforms he could. [22] He founded the Knights School, and began to form a diplomatic service, with semi-permanent diplomatic representatives throughout Europe, Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
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